![]() ![]() Grading focuses on the appearance of the breast cancer cells compared to the appearance of normal breast tissue. Perineural and/or lymphovascular space invasion is usually considered as part of the histological description of a breast cancer, and when present may be associated with more aggressive disease. In contrast, invasive carcinoma invades the surrounding tissue. Carcinoma in situ is proliferation of cancer cells within the epithelial tissue without invasion of the surrounding tissue. Although breast cancer has many different histologies, the considerable majority of breast cancers are derived from the epithelium lining the ducts or lobules, and are classified as mammary ductal carcinoma. A full classification includes histopathological type, grade, stage (TNM), receptor status, and the presence or absence of genes as determined by DNA testing: Description of a breast cancer would optimally include all of these classification aspects, as well as other findings, such as signs found on physical exam. Each of these aspects influences treatment response and prognosis. Schemes or aspects Overview īreast cancers can be classified by different schemata. A variant from this approach, defined on the basis of physical exam findings, is that inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), a form of ductal carcinoma or malignant cancer in the ducts, is distinguished from other carcinomas by the inflamed appearance of the affected breast, which correlates with increased cancer aggressivity. Ĭlassification of breast cancer is usually, but not always, primarily based on the histological appearance of tissue in the tumor. ![]() Classification aspects must be carefully tested and validated, such that confounding effects are minimized, making them either true prognostic factors, which estimate disease outcomes such as disease-free or overall survival in the absence of therapy, or true predictive factors, which estimate the likelihood of response or lack of response to a specific treatment. Treatment algorithms rely on breast cancer classification to define specific subgroups that are each treated according to the best evidence available. Other breast cancers are less aggressive and can be treated with less aggressive treatments, such as lumpectomy. Some breast cancers are aggressive and life-threatening, and must be treated with aggressive treatments that have major adverse effects. That treatment may not be effective in a different breast cancer. The effectiveness of a specific treatment is demonstrated for a specific breast cancer (usually by randomized, controlled trials). The purpose of classification is to select the best treatment. As knowledge of cancer cell biology develops these classifications are updated. The major categories are the histopathological type, the grade of the tumor, the stage of the tumor, and the expression of proteins and genes. ![]() Breast cancer classification divides breast cancer into categories according to different schemes criteria and serving a different purpose. ![]()
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